RUDOLPH CONTRERAS, District Judge.
After he was fired from his job as a corrections officer with the District of Columbia Department of Corrections, Joseph Lee brought this suit alleging a failure to accommodate his diabetes, which required him to eat healthy meals at regular times, and intentional discrimination on the basis of disability. The District of Columbia has moved for summary judgment on both counts. Because a reasonable jury could find in favor of Mr. Lee, the court will deny the motion.
Construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the facts of this case are as follows. In 2008, Joseph Lee, a corrections officer assigned to guard inmates receiving treatment at Howard University
At that time, Joseph Lee had Type II diabetes. Def.'s Mot., Ex. A (Dep. of Joseph Lee (May 17, 2011)) ("Lee Dep. (Def.)") at 110. He took oral medication to manage his disease, and was required to monitor his blood sugar, exercise, and eat healthy meals at regular times. Pl.'s Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. ("Pl.'s Opp'n"), Ex. A (Dep. of Joseph Lee (May 17, 2011)) ("Lee Dep. (Pl.)") at 110-14. If he did not manage his diabetes properly, he could get dizzy and faint or fall asleep. Id. at 115-16, 123. Mr. Lee
In March 2008, Mr. Lee was assigned to work an overnight shift at Howard University Hospital; he went on duty at 11:30 p.m. and completed his shift at 8:00 a.m. According to the recollection of his supervisors, he was found asleep on the job three times in a little more than two weeks. Mr. Lee denies that he was ever asleep on the job.
Ms. Perry recalls that she found Mr. Lee sleeping at his post on March 12, 2008 and counseled him to be more attentive to his duties. Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. G (Dep. of Yvonne Perry (Mar. 2, 2011)) ("Perry Dep.") at 62-65. Mr. Lee denies that Ms. Perry found him asleep. Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 117. Mr. Graham recalls that — on the following day, as Ms. Perry recalls, Perry Dep. at 66 — a nurse called to say that a corrections officer was asleep on the job and could not be awoken, Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. D (Dep. of Kenneth Graham (Aug. 12, 2011)) ("Graham Dep. (Pl.)") at 43, 119; Def.'s Mot., Ex. D (Dep. of Kenneth Graham (Aug. 12, 2011)) ("Graham Dep. (Def.)") at 119-20. When Mr. Graham arrived at the hospital, he heard snoring and found Mr. Lee, who did not respond to his name, asleep in a chair. Graham Dep. (Def.) at 119. Mr. Graham has testified that he took a photograph of Mr. Lee,
Mr. Lee did not receive a lunch break on March 27, 2008, id., as Ms. Perry admits could sometimes happen, Perry Dep. at 34. He called Mr. Graham at about 2:15 a.m. to ask for a lunch break. Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 119. As Mr. Lee recalls, he said to Mr. Graham, "Sarg, you know I'm a diabetic. I need my lunch break." Mr. Lee says that Mr. Graham replied, "All right, Lee. You're going to be all right. Somebody is going to be coming around. Just hold on and wait." Id.
A little after 3:00 a.m., someone from the hospital called to report that Mr. Lee was sleeping on the job. As Ms. Perry recalls, Mr. Graham took the call and ordered her to go to the hospital and find out what was going on. Perry Dep. at 38, 41. (Mr. Graham denies this. Graham Dep. (Pl.) at 64.) On Ms. Perry's account, she went to the room where Mr. Lee and Warren Hairston, his partner on that shift, were stationed. Ms. Perry says that she entered the room and shook Mr. Lee, who awoke briefly and then went back to sleep. Id. at 43. She left the room and called Mr. Graham, who said that relief was on the way. Id. at 47. She wrote a report of the incident, which, along with the incidents earlier that month, became the stated reason that Cpl. Lee was fired. Perry Dep. at 78-80; Def.'s Mot., Ex. B (Official Report of Extraordinary Occurrence (Mar. 27, 2008)); Brown Termination Letter, at 2-3.
Ms. Perry's account of that evening is contradicted by both Mr. Lee and Mr. Hairston. Mr. Lee says that he was not asleep that night. Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 118. He says that he denied being asleep at the time, and told Mr. Graham that Mr. Hairston could verify that he had not been asleep. Id. at 123. Mr. Hairston recalls that, when he saw Ms. Perry approaching on the morning of March 27, 2008, he went out into the hall to speak with her. Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. F (Dep. of William Hairston (May 4, 2011)) ("Hairston Dep.") at 44-45. Ms. Perry, he says, "said something to Corporal Lee, and Lee looked up and nodded," then put his head down. Hairston Dep. at 45. She asked whether Mr. Lee was asleep; Mr. Hairston said that he was not asleep, that the two of them had been talking not long before. Id. at 48. Mr. Hairston says that Ms. Perry never entered the room where he and Mr. Lee were stationed, and that she did not (as she says) nudge Mr. Lee to wake him up. Id. at 50.
Summary judgment may be granted when "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). A fact is "material" if it is capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute is "genuine" if sufficient evidence exists such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007).
The principal purpose of summary judgment is to streamline litigation by disposing of factually unsupported claims or defenses and determining whether there is a genuine need for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The moving party bears the initial responsibility of identifying those portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548; FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c)(1)(A) (noting that the movant may cite to "depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, ... admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials"). In response, the non-moving party must similarly designate specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine dispute that is suitable for trial. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
On a motion for summary judgment, the court must "eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence," Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 363 (D.C.Cir.2007), and all underlying facts and inferences must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Nevertheless, conclusory assertions offered without any evidentiary support do not establish a genuine issue for trial. Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C.Cir.1999).
At the time relevant here,
When a disabled plaintiff alleges a failure to make a reasonable accommodation, however, he need not explain why his employer has failed to accommodate him. The failure to accommodate is itself discriminatory. The ADA "defines the term `discriminate' to include `not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an ... employee, unless [the employer] can demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the operation of [its] business....'" Breen v. Dep't of Transp., 282 F.3d 839, 841 n. 3 (D.C.Cir.2002) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A) (2000)). "Under the ADA's scheme, then, it is discriminatory for a covered employer to decline to take reasonable steps to accommodate an employee's disability, unless the steps in question `would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the business' of the employer." Aka, 156 F.3d at 1300. "To make out a prima facie case of discrimination for failure to reasonably accommodate [under the ADA], [the] plaintiff must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence:
Joseph Lee alleges both a failure to accommodate and intentional discrimination. The District has moved for summary judgment on both claims, and the court will consider them in turn.
The District argues that Mr. Lee is not disabled within the meaning of the ADA and, in the alternative, that it had no notice of his disability and need for an accommodation. At the relevant time, "disability" was defined to include "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more ... major life activit[y]." 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A) (2006). The Supreme Court had concluded that "these terms need to be interpreted strictly to create a demanding standard for qualifying as disabled." Toyota Motor Mfg., Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 197, 122 S.Ct. 681, 151 L.Ed.2d 615 (2002). To that end, the Court read "`substantially limits' ... as requiring that a person be presently — not potentially or hypothetically — substantially limited in order to demonstrate a disability." Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 482, 119 S.Ct. 2139, 144 L.Ed.2d 450 (1999). "A `disability,'" in turn, "exist[ed] only where an impairment `substantially limit[ed]' a major life activity, not where it `might,' `could,' or `would' be substantially limiting if mitigating measures were not taken. A person whose physical or mental impairment [wa]s corrected by medication or other measures d[id] not have an impairment that presently `substantially limit[ed]' a major life activity." Id. at 482-83, 119 S.Ct. 2139; see also id. at 483, 119 S.Ct. 2139 ("To be sure, a person whose physical or mental impairment is corrected by mitigating measures still has an impairment, but if the impairment is corrected it does not `substantially limi[t]' a major life activity." (alteration in original)).
The District argues that because Mr. Lee could, at the time in question, manage his diabetes by eating three healthy meals a day, taking his medicine, and exercising, Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 110-14, he was not "presently ... substantially limited" by that disease, see Sutton, 527 U.S. at 482, 119 S.Ct. 2139. The District cites an Eleventh Circuit decision that an insulin-dependent diabetic who "had to `watch' what he eats and avoid certain foods — `mostly sugars' — because of his diabetes" but was otherwise unaffected by the disease was not substantially limited in any major life activity. Collado v. United Parcel Serv., Co., 419 F.3d 1143, 1155 (11th Cir.2005); see also id. ("On cross-examination... Collado admitted that as long as he is taking insulin he can eat and digest his food normally. He even admitted that his diabetes has not affected his lifestyle in any way.").
The District's argument boils down to this: because Mr. Lee could manage his diabetes by eating meals at regular times, he was not disabled with the meaning of the ADA, and because he was not disabled within the meaning of the ADA, that statute did not require that the District allow him to eat meals at regular times. The argument almost refutes itself. The difference
The District next argues that it did not have notice of Mr. Lee's disability and need for regular lunch breaks. Such notice is an element of a failure-to-accommodate claim. See Flemmings, 198 F.3d at 861 ("An underlying assumption of any reasonable accommodation claim is that the plaintiff-employee has requested an accommodation which the defendant-employer has denied."); Taylor v. Phoenixville Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d 296, 313 (3d Cir.1999) ("[T]he employer must know of both the disability and the employee's desire for accommodations for that disability."); Woodruff v. LaHood, 777 F.Supp.2d 33, 40 (D.D.C.2011) ("The burden ... lies with the disabled employee to request any needed accommodation."); Evans v. Davis Mem'l Goodwill Indus., 133 F.Supp.2d 24, 27 (D.D.C.2000) ("It ... lies with the disabled employee to request needed accommodation.").
Mr. Lee recalls having told his supervisors, including Ms. Perry and Mr. Graham, that he was a diabetic. Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 58. He has said that in early 2008 he "frequently requested that he be provided with a `lunch break' to tend to his medical condition," but "his superiors frequently failed to relieve him of his post for a lunch break." Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. E (Pl.'s Resp. to District of Columbia's First Interrogatories (Jan. 5, 2010)) ("Lee Resp.") at 5. Ms. Perry admits that officers sometimes did not receive their lunch breaks. Perry Dep. at 34. As Mr. Lee recalls, on March 27, 2008, he requested a lunch break from Mr. Graham, who knew that he was a diabetic, about ninety minutes before Ms. Perry says that she found him asleep. Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 119 ("A: The first time I called him was around two something in the morning. I'd say 2:15.... Q: What did you say to Sergeant Graham? A: I said, `Sarg, you know I'm a diabetic. I need my lunch break.' His response was, `All right, Lee. You're going to be all right. Somebody is going to be coming around. Just hold on and wait.'").
The District has a stronger argument that Mr. Lee did not make it clear that he wanted assistance for his disability. In his deposition, Mr. Lee said that he "d[id] not want to be classified as a special case," Lee Dep. (Def.) at 60, and admitted that when he told one superior about his diabetes, Mr. Lee did not expect him to take any action, id. at 90. But, on the evidence presented here, a reasonable jury could find that, on March 27, 2008 (and perhaps before) Mr. Lee requested a lunch break and told his direct superior — who knew about his diabetes, Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 58 — that diabetes made the break medically necessary, but that Mr. Graham only told Mr. Lee to "hold on and wait," id. at 119, and never asked Mr. Lee for any information about his disease or the limitations that it imposed. "Once the employer knows of the disability and the employee's desire for accommodations," the employer has "the burden to request additional information that the employer believes it needs." Taylor, 184 F.3d at 315; accord Woodruff, 777 F.Supp.2d at 41. Mr. Graham did not engage with Mr. Lee's request at all — perhaps because he did not understand what a reasonable accommodation was or how the Department of Corrections dealt with such requests. See Graham Dep. (Pl.) at 21 (equating an accommodation with "temporary light duty status"); id. at 23 (discussing accommodations in the context of people who had been injured and were returning to work; admitting that he was unfamiliar with Department policies about requesting reasonable accommodations).
The question is a close one, especially given that a mere ninety minutes elapsed between the request and the incident that led to Mr. Lee's firing. Yet his account of the conversation with Mr. Graham suggests that that particular request was part
The District's final argument that it lacked notice of Mr. Lee's need for an accommodation also fails. The District asserts that Mr. Lee could only request a reasonable accommodation through the disability coordinator; although at least one court has found that an employer may "requir[e] disabled employees seeking accommodations to comply with a fixed set of procedures" when requesting accommodations for their disabilities, Edwards v. EPA, 456 F.Supp.2d 72, 103 (D.D.C.2006), the District never suggests that it did so. And there is no such requirement in the statute or any regulation. A reasonable jury could therefore find that the District had notice both of Mr. Lee's disability and of his need for an accommodation.
Mr. Lee alleges that he was fired not for neglecting his duty, which was the stated reason, but because he had diabetes. To prevail on that claim, he "must prove that he had a disability within the meaning of the ADA, that he was `qualified' for the position with or without a reasonable accommodation, and that he suffered an adverse employment action because of his disability." Swanks, 179 F.3d at 934. The District first repeats its argument that Mr. Lee was not disabled within the meaning of the statute; the court has already rejected that argument.
The District makes one additional argument: that it has offered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for firing Mr. Lee — that he was repeatedly asleep on the job — and that no reasonable jury could find that reason to be pretextual. But there is a genuine dispute of fact as to whether Mr. Lee was actually asleep as alleged. To begin with, Mr. Lee denies being asleep on each of March 12, 13, and 27, 2008. Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 117-18. Mr. Hairston also says that Mr. Lee was not asleep on March 27, the day of the incident that led directly to Mr. Lee's termination, and moreover that Ms. Perry (who says that she found him asleep) has substantially misrepresented the encounter, which Mr. Hairston observed. Hairston Dep. at 45-46, 48-50. Although Ms. Perry says that hospital staff called to say that they had observed Mr. Lee sleeping that night, and that Mr. Graham took the call and instructed her to go find out what was going on, Perry Dep. at 38, 41, Mr. Graham denies having taken such a call or given such instructions, Graham Dep. (Pl.) at 64.
If the jury accepted Mr. Lee's and Mr. Hairston's account of the events of March 27, it would be left to decide what had happened on March 12 and 13. Mr. Graham recalls taking a photograph that appears to show Mr. Lee asleep on March 13, but there is a great deal of confusion as to the source and date of this image, see supra note 2, and a jury could reasonably decide not to credit it. Mr. Lee has offered nothing more than pat denials that he was asleep on either of those nights, see Lee Dep. (Pl.) at 117-18, against the detailed recollections of Mr. Graham and Ms. Perry, which largely agree, see Perry Dep.
Although the decision to fire Mr. Lee was not made by Ms. Perry, see Perry Dep. at 38 ("I don't know the full scope of why he was terminated because I wasn't privy to that information."), that decision depended entirely on (and was the foreseeable consequence of) her decision to file a report that he had been asleep on the job. A jury could conclude that her testimony (at least as to the events of March 27) was not credible, and therefore infer that her report was motivated by discriminatory animus and made with the intention to get Mr. Lee fired.
The District is therefore wrong to argue that no reasonable jury could reject as pretextual its explanation that it fired Mr. Lee because he was clearly, repeatedly, asleep on the job. To the extent that the District attempts to make other arguments in its reply brief, the court declines to consider them, nor will it read them into the one-paragraph argument offered in the District's main brief.
For the reasons discussed above, the court will deny the District of Columbia's motion for summary judgment.